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Orest Danilovich Khvolson or Chwolson ((ロシア語:Орест Данилович Хвольсон)) (November 22 (N.S. December 4), 1852 in Saint Petersburg – May 11, 1934 in Leningrad) was a Russian physicist and honorary member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (1920). He is most noted for being one of the first to study the gravitational lens effect.〔(A brief history of gravitational lenses )〕 Orest, son of the noted Orientalist Daniel Chwolson, graduated from St.Petersburg University in 1873. He began teaching at his alma mater in 1876 and would become a professor in 1891. Orest Khvolson authored a number of works on electricity, magnetism, photometry, and actinometry. He proposed the designs of actinometer and pyrheliometer, which would be used by the Russian weather stations for a long time. After 1896, Khvolson was mainly engaged in compiling the five-volume ''Physics Course'' (Курс физики), which would improve immensely the teaching of physics throughout the country and remain a principal textbook in universities for years to come. It was even translated into the German, French, and Spanish languages. His most noted accomplishment was in 1924, when he published about gravitational lenses in Astronomische Nachrichten, a scientific journal on astronomy. The concept of gravitational lenses, did not get much attention until 1936, when Albert Einstein wrote about the gravitational lens effect. The observation of a gravitational lens, where one source (sun or galaxy) produces a ring around another source is referred to as an Chwolson ring, or Einstein ring. He became an honorary member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. The crater Khvolson on the Moon is named after him.〔(Christina Turner: The Early History of Gravitational Lensing )〕 == Important publications == * * ''(Traité de physique )'' O.-D. Chwolson (French translation of ''Kurs fiziki'' by E. Davaux) Paris : A. Hermann, 1906–1928 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Orest Khvolson」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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